USE OF
PLANT EXTRACTS OR ESSENTIAL OILS AS RUMEN MODIFIERS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
M. Nasir ROFIQ*, G.FİLİK, M. GÖRGÜLÜ, L. CELİK,
Çukurova Univ. Ziraat Fak. Zootekni Böl. 01330 Adana
ABSTRACT
Public
concern over the risk of the antibiotic residues presence in milk and meat and
its effect on human health the European Union in 2006 banned the use of
antibiotics in animal feeding. Accordingly, there is greater interest in using
plants and plant extracts as alternatives to feed antibiotics to manipulate
ruminal fermentation, improve feed efficiency and animal productivity. Many
plants produce secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, essential
oils, and saponins that affect microbial activity. Recent studies have elicited
promising result in manipulation rumen fermentation, methane production and
protein degradation by plant extracts or essential oils. Strategy for the
future research needs should be taken after the fact of some research on plants
extracts or essential oils as alternative feed additive.
Keyword : Plants Extracts, Essential Oils, Rumen
Modifier, Methane emission
ÖZET
Et ve sütte antibiyotik kalıntılarının
varlığı ve insan sağlığı üzerinde risk oluşturması nedeniyle hayvan yemlerinde
antibiyotik kullanımı Avrupa Birliği’nce 2006 yılında yasaklanmıstır. Hayvansal
üretim ve yemden yararlanmanın iyilestirilmeşi, rumen fermentasuyonunun
manipülasyonu amacıyla antibiyotiklere alternatif olarak bitki ekstraklarının
kullanımına ilgi artmıştır. Birçok bitki fenolik bileşikler, esans yağları ve
saponinler gibi sekonder metabolitler üretmektedir. Son yıllarda protein
yıkılabilirliği, metan üretimi ve rumen fermentasyonunun manipülasyonunda bitki
ekstrakları veya esans yağları ile yapılan çalışmalar ile umut verici sonuçlar
alınmıştır. Alternative yem katkı maddesi olarak bitki ekstraktları veya esans
yağları konusu detaylı olarak araştırılmaktadır.
Anahtar kelimeler : Bitki ekstratlari, esaniyal
yaglar, metan üretimi
Introduction
In
ruminant production, antibiotics are commonly fed to animals to prevent disease
and metabolic disorders, as well as improve feed efficiency. In recent years,
public concern over routine use of antibiotics in ruminant nutrition has
increased due to residual effect of antibiotics in milk and meat, also due to
emergence of antibiotics resistant bacteria that may represent a risk to human
health. Ruminant production also has been accused as a cause factor in
contributing of global warming by methane emission from enteric fermentation.
This issue must be proved by high precise research or finding the feed additive
which have ability to decrease methane emission from ruminant.
Many
countries have a regulatory framework to regulation antibiotics use in animal
nutrition. In the USA, animal feed is regulated by the centre for veterinary
medicine (CVM). CVM is responsible for ensuring animal feed is safe and
appropriately labeled. In Europe animal feed is ultimately regulated by the
European Commission though it acts on recommendations from European Food Safety
Autority (EFSA). EFSA may require maximum residues limits (MRLs) and a market
monitoring plan. In 2003 European parliament and Council regulation (EC) No
1831/2003 resulted in the phasing out of antibiotics feed additive from January
2006. In Australia, animal feed is regulated by The Australian Pesticides and
Veterinary Medicine Authority (APVMA). APVMA until 2003 was known as the
National registration Authority for Agriculture and veterinary Chemicals (NRA).
In 2001, NRA released guidelines for stock food and stock food additives. The
above agencies also provide database of active agents that approved for use as
alternative antibiotics. Plant extracts or essential oils as feed additives use
for ruminant modifier to enhance ruminant performance, and reduce methane
emissions from enteric fermentation. This review is provided the outsight of
the next strategy of rumen modifier by plant extracts or essential oils in
ruminant nutrition.
Plant Extracts
or Essential Oils
Plants produce an organic compounds
derived from their secondary metabolism that are classified in three main
groups: saponins, tannins, and essential oils. There are two chemical groups of essential oils Terpenoids and
Phenypropanes. Terpenoids are the
more numerous and diversified group of plant secondary metabolites, these
compounds are characterized as deriving from a basic structure of 5 carbons
(C5H8). Within terpenoids, the most important components of essential oils of
the majority of plants belong to the monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid families
(Carvacrol, Thymol, Terpinen 4-Ol). Phenylpropanoids
are not the most common compound of essential oil, the term “phenylpropanoid” refers
to compounds with a chain of 3 carbons bound to an aromatic ring of 6 carbons.
Sapponins
are high molecular weight glycosides in which sugars are linked to a triterpene
or steroidal aglycone moiety. A large number of saponins are possible depending
upon the modifications of the ring structures of aglycone moieties and the
number of sugars attached to it. Thymol is a monoterpene
[5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)phenol; C10H14O] the most well-researched active
components of essential oils. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol;
C10H12O2) is a phenolic compound. Cinnamaldehyde (3-fenil-2-propenal phenol;
C9H8O), a phenylpropanoid with antimicrobial activity. Anethol
(1-methoxy-4-propenylbenzene; C10H12O) is the main active component of anise (P. anisum) oil and is responsible for its
antimicrobial activity.
Essential
oils have a wide a variety of effect on health. However the most important
activity of essential oils is as antiseptic and antimicrobial (Table 1). Mechanisms
of action have been described by researcher, including the interaction with the
cell membrane of microorganism, the coagulation of some cell constituents,
denature of proteins and interaction with DNA.
Fig 1. Enteric Methane CH4 from rumen fermentation
Table
1. Some Plan extract or essential oils have antimicrobial effects
Essential oils of
|
Name
|
Active Component
|
Susceptible MO effect
|
Allium Sativum
|
Garlic
|
Allilcyn,Diallilsulfite
|
Enteropatogenic bac.
|
Anethum graviolens
|
Dill
|
Limonene, Carvone
|
Gram + and - bacteria
|
Capsicum annum
|
Paprica
|
Capsaicin
|
Gram + and - bacteria
|
Cinnamomum cassia
|
Cassia
|
Cinnamaldehyde
|
E.Coli, Listeria,S
enteridis
|
Juniperus oxycedrus
|
Juniper
|
Cardinene, Pinene
|
A sobrina, E fealis,
|
Melaleuca Altemifolia
|
Tea tree
|
Terpinen-4ol
|
+ and - gram bacteri
|
Origanum vulgare
|
Oregano
|
Carvacrol,Thymol
|
Gram + and - bacteria
|
Pinpinella anisum
|
Anise(anason)
|
Anethhol
|
A hydrophila, B linens
|
Rosmarinus officinalis
|
Rosemarry
|
1,8 Cineole
|
S aureus,, C Jejuni
|
Syzygium aromaticum
|
Clove
|
Eugenol
|
E Coli, S aureus
|
Thymus vulgaris
|
Thyme
|
Tyhme, Carvacrol
|
S typimurium, S aureu
|
Zingiber officinale
|
Ginger
|
Zingiberene
|
Gram + and – bacteria
|
Origanum mintiflorum
|
Turkish oregano
|
Carvacrol
|
E Coli, S typimuirum
|
Laurus nobilis
|
Bay laurel
|
1,8 Cineole
|
E Coli, S typimuirum
|
Lavandula stoechas
|
Spanish-lavnder
|
Fenchone
|
E Coli, S typimuirum
|
Funiculum vulgare
|
Fennel
|
Trans anethol
|
E Coli, S typimuirum
|
Rhus coriaria L
|
Sumac
|
Tanin, Flavone
|
Antidiarrheae,
|
Terebinthus L
|
Menengic
|
Terpentine, Tanin
|
Diuretic, cardiotonic
|
Mentha longifolia
|
Mint
|
cis-piperitone
|
stomacheid,
|
Modified from Calsamiglia
(2007).
However, using essential oils as feed
additive has 8 – 14% potential effect on decreasing of methane emission from
rumen fermentation in vitro (Boady, 2004). That conditions need mitigation
strategies for using plant extracts and essential oils as rumen modifier. The
additive, synergistic and antagonistic effect of combined essential oils should
be considered in future research to improve efficiency plant extracts and
essential oils as ruminant modifier.
Fig 2. Plant Metabolism producing sencondary metabolites including essential oils
(source Calsamiglia et al, 2007)
Recent Studies
on Plant Extracts or Essential Oils as Rumen Modifiers
Evans and Martin (2000) reported
that thymol reduced methane and lactate concentration via affecting energy
metabolism of 2 relevant rumen bacteria grown in pure culture: Streptococcus
bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium. Low doses of thymol (50 mg/L) had
no effects on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation, but at higher doses (500
mg/L) total VFA and ammonia N concentrations decreased, and the
acetate-to-propionate ratio increased (Castillejos et al, 2006). Thymol
increased the acetate-to-propionate ratio in a 60:40 alfalfa hay:concentrate
diet at high pH (6.4).
Supplementation of ruminant diets
with essential oils Cinnamaldehyde, Garlic and Juniper berry 0.02 g/Kg DM oils may alter the diversity of rumen methanogens archaea
(phylogenetic analysis) without
affecting the methanogenic capacity of the rumen (Ohene-adjei, 2008). Methanogenesis in the
rumen may not always be correlated with the number of methanogens in the rumen.
Busquet
(2005) evaluated supplementation of different concentrations (3, 30, 300, and
3000 mg/L of culture fluid) of garlic oil (GAR), diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl
disulfide (DAD), allicin (ALL), and allyl mercaptan (ALM) in diluted ruminal
fluid with a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet on rumen microbial fermentation. GAR
and DAD (30; 300 mg/L), and ALM (300 mg/L) resulted in lower molar proportion
of acetate and higher proportions of propionate and butyrate. In contrast, at
300 mg/L, DAS only increased the proportion of butyrate, and ALL had no effects
on volatile fatty acid proportions. Treatments GAR, DAD, and ALM 300 mg/L resulted
in a decrease in methane production of 73.6, 68.5, and 19.5%, respectively, compared
with the control. Busquet (2005) also evaluated the effects of Cinnamaldehyde
and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation. The Cinnamaldehyde decreased
the proportion of acetate and branch-chained volatile fatty acids (VFA) and
increased the proportion of propionate; Cinnamaldehyde 10 mg/l could decrease the
proportion of acetate and increased the proportion of butyrate compared with
the control. Garlic acid 10 mg/l increased the proportion of propionate and
butyrate and decreased the proportion of acetate and branch-chained VFA
compared with the control. Garlic acid 10 mg/l also increased the small peptide
plus amino acid N concentration.
Busquet (2006) reported that garlic
oil (Garlic oil 300; 3,000 mg/L) and benzyl salicylate (300; 3,000 mg/L)
reduced acetate and increased propionate and butyrate proportions, suggesting
that methane production was inhibited. At 3,000 mg/L, capsicum oil, carvacrol,
carvone, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon oil, clove bud oil, eugenol, fenugreek, and
oregano oil resulted in a 30 to 50% reduction in ammonia N concentration in rumen in vitro.
Kamra
(2006) reported that ethanol extract Sapindus
mukorossus (soapnut) on in vitro rumen fermentation of feed with buffalo
rumen liquor could decrease methane production in buffalo in vitro rumen
treatment from 38.89 ml/g DM to 1.65 ml/G DM and could decrease protozoa number
from 2.66 x 103/ml to 0.63 x 103/ml. Sapindus mukorossus (soapnut) mostly contain Saponin as bioactive
component that effect on methane emission decreasing. The
methanol extracts of the fruit pulp of tannin rich plant Terminalia belerica and Terminalia
chebula and the ethanol extract of T.
chebula inhibited in vitro methane emission significantly ( P b0.01), whereas the ethanol extract of T. belerica fruit pulp and water
extracts of both did not affect methanogenesis. The ethanol extract of Psidium guajawa leaves, rich in
flavonoids and tannins, also exhibited anti-methanogenic activity in the in
vitro gas production test.
Sallam (2009) reported that doses
level was important factor that effect on gas production and methane decreasing
in rumen fermentation. The research use several doses (0,5; 1 and 1,5 ml/75ml buffered
rumen fluid) of Thyme, Fennel and Ginger was not effect on methane decreasing
and effect on increasing of gas production. However 1,5 ml/75 ml buffered rumen
fluid of Black Seed (Nigila sativa)
can effect to decrease methane gas production in vitro.
Gorgulu et al (2010) reported that using
of garlic oils, cinnamon, and bay laurel oils in dairy feed affected feed
consumption and milk production (P> 0.05). However Garlic oils in dairy feed
significantly increased milk lactose (P<0.05). Thyme, Russian olive and peel
orange oils 108 ppm in dairy ration had effects on feed consumption, milk
production, corrected milk production (4% milk fat) and weight gain (P>0.05).
Sahan et al (2010) reported that total Omega-3 and
C18:3n3 of milk were decreased by essential oils (laurel oils 60 ppm and
cinnamon 90 ppm) compared to had no potentials to alter ruminal
biohydrogenation process and modify fatty acid profile of milk when dairy cows
fed with TMR containing 30 ppm, garlic, 60 ppm cinnamon and 90 ppm laurel
essential oils.
Future strategy research
of plant extracts or essential oils as rumen modifier
Strategy
for the future research needs should be taken after the fact of some research
of plant extracts or essential oils as alternative feed additive. Some of the limitations
of current knowledge that need to be resolved include the following:
- Research should consider variation
of essential oils contents in different plant cultivar and different
processing methods for oils extraction from plants.
- Screening of the effects of a wide
variety of essential oils by study specific mechanism of action.
- Researcher should consider
microbial ecosystem may adapt to new environmental conditions.
- Finding an opportunities to explore
other effects in rumen fermentation, such as potential effects on
biohydrogenation of fatty acids and activity against pathogens
- Research of essential oils as rumen
modifier provide residual effect of essential oils in animal production
(milk and meat) and its effect for human health.
- The research also should consider
feeding cost in connection with performance changes.
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